Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) with medication on the memory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) students. Materials and Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control and follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of 7–12-year-old elementary school students with ADHD in Isfahan city in the school year of 2018–2019 which 48 of them were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Swanson Parent Form SNAP-4, Memory Subscale of Wechsler's Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and Raven's Colored IQ Test. The VR group received ten sessions of intervention and the medication group received medicines. Then, posttest and follow-up were performed for all the three groups. Multivariate tests were used to analyze the scores. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in memory variables in the posttest stage between the control and VR groups (P < 0.001) and the control and medication groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In a general conclusion, it seems that VR therapy and medication have been effective in improving the memory of elementary ADHD students and the effects of these treatments remain in the follow-up stage, but the therapeutic approach of VR has been more effective than medication in both the posttest and follow-up stages.

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Aim: This study was done to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and root inoculation with Piriformospora indica on Cd phytoremediation efficiency and degradation of soil fuel oil by sunflower in the salinity stress. Materials and Methods: Treatments consisted of soil Cd pollution (0 and 5 mg Cd/kg soil), soil salinity adjusted at the EC equal to 4 and 6 dS/m, and soil pollution to fuel oil at the rates of 0%, 4%, and 8% (W/W). Foliar application of SA at the rates of 0 and 1.5 mmol/l was done 2 weeks after sunflower seedling growth in the presence and absence of P. indica. After 60 days, the plant was harvested and soil and plant Cd concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Soil microbial activity and degradation of soil fuel oil were also determined according to the Besaltpour et al. method. Results: The greatest shoot Cd concentration belonged to the saline soil (6 dS/m) polluted with 10 mg Cd/kg soil and polluted with 8% (W/W) fuel oil, whereas the lowest was observed in the nonsaline soil polluted with 5 mg Cd/kg soil. Increasing soil salinity from 4 to 6 dS/m significantly decreased the soil microbial respiration by 8.3%. Application of 1.5 mmol/l SA significantly increased the degradation of soil fuel oil by 11.3%. Conclusion: The interaction effect of P. indica and SA had a significant effect on increasing the degradation of soil fuel oil.

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Aim: This study aimed to determine the delayed effect of one session of concurrent exercise on serum leptin and resistance insulin levels of sedentary men. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy young men with a mean age of 22.9 ± 1.7 years and a body mass index of 23.3 ± 1 kg/m² voluntarily participated in this experimental research. They participated in one session of concurrent exercise including 20 min of aerobic running on a treadmill at 60%–70% maximum oxygen uptake plus a resistance exercise at the intensity of 70% of 1-repetition maximum with ten repetitions per set to second round. Blood serum leptin, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index were assessed before, 24, 48, and 72 h after the exercise program.Results: The results showed that leptin level did not change statistically significantly immediately and 72 h after the exercise termination (P > 0.05) but did decrease statistically significantly 24 and 48 h after the exercise program (P ≤ 0.05). The result also showed that insulin and insulin resistance levels decreased statistically significantly immediately after the exercise and lasted for up to 48 h postexercise (P ≤ 0.05); however, it returned to its initial value after 72 h of recovery (P > 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that energy use in one session of concurrent exercise might reduce leptin levels up to 48 h of recovery. In addition, a decrease in insulin, a known inducer of leptin expression in adipocytes, occurs before the decrease in leptin. This change may mediate the decrease of leptin concentration.

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Background: Human interactive wearable devices are cutting-edge technologies transforming the health-care system by allowing comfort, convenience, and continuous patient monitoring. Wheelchair use in spinal cord injury is the best form of mobility. Shoulder pain is often the consequence to increased kinetic demands placed on the upper limb. This paper is an endeavour to determine the effect of shoulder pain on energy expenditure amongst manual wheelchair users with an amalgamation of physiological health parameters and advancement in health monitoring technology. Methodology: Forty paraplegics using manual wheelchairs were divided into two groups depending on the presence of shoulder pain. Shoulder pain characteristics were noted using the Wheelchair Users Shoulder Pain Index. Mean heart rate during 6 min propulsion test was determined using the Xiaomi MI fitness band. Physiological Cost Index was established, and the energy expenditure was then compared. Results: Shoulder pain was reported maximum during pushing the wheelchair >10 min (80%) and on-ramps (65%). The energy expenditure showed a statistically significant increase in patients with shoulder pain. Conclusion: The use of Xiaomi MI fitness band is a straightforward and affordable way to obtain the mean exercise heart rate assisting in estimating the energy expenditure. Shoulder pain significantly increases the energy expenditure among manual wheelchair users, and hence should be addressed before wheelchair use for the prevention of injuries.

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Aims:Staphylococcus aureus is considered a major cause of food poisoning in the world. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus isolated from hamburgers in Kashan city. Materials and Methods: In this study, 71 hamburger samples were collected from supermarkets in Kashan from March to July 2017. The samples were examined after dilution in the Baird–Parker Agar Base medium of inoculation for the bacterial growth of S. aureus. Gram staining, catalase tests, mannitol fermentation, coagulase, DNase, and sensitivity to novobiocin were used to detect the bacteria. Results: The collected hamburgers were about eight types of products. Of the total samples, 15 (21.13%) were Gram-positive bacteria contaminated, including seven cocci and eight bacilli. Seven samples (9.86%) of hamburgers were contaminated with S. aureus. The average counts of S. aureus in positive samples were 1.94 × 10³ colony-forming unit (CFU)/g. Conclusion: The outbreak of S. aureus isolates in meat products, particularly hamburger, is of serious threat to public health. To prevent the outbreak of this pathogen in hamburgers, permanent control and monitoring should be performed in food industries.

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Aims: Accidents are one of the most important noncommunicable diseases of the 20^th century. Unfortunately in Iran, there is not enough information about accidents except traffic and work. Knowing the type, frequency, trend, and distribution of accidents can be helpful in preventing them. Therefore, in this study, a statistical analysis of accidents recorded in the Kashan Firefighting Department (KFD) over a 6-year period is carried out during 1999–2016. Materials and Methods: All records of accidents that have been kept in KFD archive in the years 1999, 2005, 2011, and 2016 are targeted. The recorded information is taken out, classified, and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and analytical tests. Results: The frequency of accidents is 1160 (0.42% based on the population) and 1611 (0.53%) in 2011 and 2016, respectively. These are considerably more than the 311 (0.15%) cases in 1999. Furthermore, the frequency of recorded fires, in the mentioned years are 311 (0.15%), 485 (0.20%), 651 (0.23%), and 687 (0.23%), respectively. The ratio of injured per 1000 people was 0.7 in 1999 which rinsed to 1.2 per 1000 in 2016. It is found that the injury and death in men are more than women. Conclusions: Due to population growth, the increasing trend of accidents and fires are predictable over the years under the study. However, increase in intentional accidents, injuries and death caused by accidents that were mainly acquired in young people and workforce, need to pay more attention.

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Aims: Hypertension is a serious health problem that requires lifelong treatment. The patient's nonadherence with antihypertensive medications is the major factor in treatment failure. Previous studies have suggested that adherence may be related to psychological factors consisting of personality traits. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 194 hypertensive patients referred to Alzahra Cardiovascular Clinic. The patients were asked to complete two questionnaires, including the NEO Big Five and adherence questionnaire. Results: Statistical analyses showed a significant negative correlation between neuroticism and medical adherence (CC = −0.148, PV = 0.002, CI = −0.240/−0.056), and extroversion had a significant positive correlation (CC = 0.161, PV = 0.001, CI = 0.260/0.052). The other aspects of personality traits had no significant correlation with medical adherence. Conclusion: Neuroticism may be a negative predictor and extroversion may be a positive predictor of medical adherence in hypertensive patients.

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Aims: The purpose of this study is to investigate the health information behavior of people with cancer who referred to Shahid Bahonar Hospital and Jawad Alameh Clinic in Kerman city between 2017 and 2018 years. Materials and Methods: Descriptive method was used, and the data were collected through Longo's information behavior questionnaire. To test the research hypotheses, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used. Results: According to the data analysis, 99 (28.3%) respondents were poor, 157 (44.9%) had a moderate level of life, 65 (18.6%) had a good living standard, and 29 (8.3%) had a high level of living. According to the data analysis, 73 (20.9%) respondents were in the village, 188 (53.7%) lived in the small cities, and 89 (25.4%) were resident of the provincial capital city. Conclusion: The findings show that younger patients are more likely to seek health information and use information sources such as the Internet, social media, and medical journals. The results also proved that the male patients in comparison to the female patients receive their information more actively. The highly educated patients receive their health information actively and on the Internet. Patients with a high standard of living are actively engaged in the process of finding their health information, and poor and moderate levels of well-being receive their health information through doctors and interpersonal interactions.

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Aims: Increasing staff awareness in the workplace can reduce the damage caused by natural disasters and emergencies. The aim of this study was developing a valid and reliable tool to measure the level of the public awareness on emergency response and assess this in Iran dairy industry. Materials and Methods: The awareness level was assessed by constructing a researcher-made questionnaire. A 62-item questionnaire was provided. After face validation, content validity was assessed using content validity ratio and content validity index method and finally 56 final questions were prepared. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index test and Bartlett's sphericity test. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, it was investigated on 425 Iran Dairy industry staff using Richardson Kouder 20 test. Principal factors were extracted using exploratory factor analysis by analysis of variance method by SPSS version 22. Results: The KMO index was 0.331, so factor analysis was not possible. Bartlett's sphericity test also showed P < 0.001, and confirmation was successful. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire by using Richardson's Kouder 20 test was 0.711. The public awareness on emergency response in Iran dairy industry staff was evaluated as moderate to optimal. Conclusion: The public awareness on emergency response in the workplace questionnaire which has been designed has appropriate validity and reliability and can be used to assess public awareness on emergency response in the workplace.

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